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Government CIO Outlook | Thursday, July 29, 2021
Over the last decade, social media has established itself as an effective tool for affected communities, relief workers, and those seeking to communicate with the outside world.
FREMONT, CA: This article examines the role of social media in four dimensions of governance: polycentricism, participation, self-organization, and social learning. These are the edifices upon which adaptive management is built. Adaptive governance guides novel shifts in disaster risk reduction by understanding and incorporating new knowledge throughout the disaster risk reduction process (DRR).
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Social media to improve disaster governance:
Use of social media to facilitate polycentric decision-making
Social media makes civic engagement easier because it is accessible from anywhere with an internet-connected mobile device. For example, Individuals from Santiago, Chile, to Oxford, United Kingdom, have assumed the role of citizen scientists, sharing their local experience, knowledge, and analysis of hydrological conditions via social media, a practice that has aided risk assessment and planning. This type of engagement is also critical during disasters; when Hurricane Sandy struck the United States in 2012, Twitter users helped first responders communicate and co-producing public services.
Nonetheless, public trust is critical to these efforts. Citizens become engaged when they are motivated to take on appropriate roles in public affairs. Thus, establishing buy-in over time through transparent, consistent engagement is critical. Assuring universal access to the internet and digital literacy is the first step toward developing a culture of two-way communication between government and citizens.
Social media as a tool for inclusion and engagement
Despite its popularity, social media is not accessible to everyone; the wealthy and technologically savvy access is favored. It requires, first and foremost, electricity and access to a mobile device and the internet. None of these are guaranteed for those living in remote rural areas or informal urban settlements. Women, the elderly, the poor, and people with disabilities may continue to be excluded from online communication due to education, employment, or social structures.
Social media platforms can either transform or entrench such inequality. Through built-in accessibility features, it can purposefully unleash women's power and include individuals with disabilities. Alternatively, if nothing is done to move beyond business, different groups within society may not mobilize their unique knowledge and experiences.
Self-organization and activism via social media
Social media provides a forum for group action. For example, during China's 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake and Indonesia's annual flooding from 2013 to 2016, social media provided a platform for remote digital volunteers, offline rescuers, NGOs, and governments to coordinate resources and relief efforts. Social media mobilizes young activists, who are frequently overlooked in disaster and climate decision-making.
Social media contributes to the enhancement of social learning
Finally, but certainly not least, social media enables new modes of knowledge creation. It is a novel source of information about risk distribution, human behavior, and loss estimation. Social media listening allows scientific investigation based on local knowledge on a larger scale than ever before through big data. Machine learning enables massive amounts of unstructured data collected via social media channels, which can then inform DRR decisions. However, the rise of social media necessitates a more in-depth examination of ethics.
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